2 credits 15 theoretical hours and 15 practical hours
OBJECTIVE OF THE DISCIPLINE:
Provide theoretical and practical information relevant to the development of academic and professional work, related to the subject of the discipline. Develop and practice debate on important topics through updated scientific articles that mention new procedures and information relevant to the class topic. Allow the student, at the end of the course, to develop ideas, carry out a critical analysis and prepare reports and seminars on the topics of the classes.
SUMMARY:
Introduction to chemosystematics applied to the study of aromatic plants; Introduction to volatile secretory structures; Introduction to plant metabolism; Volatile metabolism; Methods applied to the extraction of essential oils; Methods applied to the chemical characterization of essential oils; Aspects related to variability in the chemical profile of essential oils; Biological activity of essential oils applied to agriculture.
PROGRAMMATIC CONTENT (THEORETICAL):
1. Introduction to chemosystematics, applied to the study of aromatic plants – Ecological and evolutionary aspects related to chemical diversity. Chemosystematic approach. Inter and intraspecific variability in the production and composition of essential oils.
2. Introduction to volatile-secreting structures – Presentation of the different types of volatile-secreting structures.
3. Introduction to plant metabolism – Interface between the main pathways of primary metabolism and volatile metabolism. Physiological (hormonal), anatomical (source and drain) and dynamic (transport) aspects related to volatile production.
4. Volatile metabolism – Structure, chemical classification and biogenesis of phenylpropanoids and terpenoids and other associated pathways. Nitrogenous volatiles. Enzymes of volatile metabolism.
5. Essential oil extraction methods – Extraction methods with an emphasis on scientific research, industry and commerce. Differentiation, advantages and disadvantages of essential oil extraction methods.
6. Methods for chemical analysis of essential oils – Identity and purity, quantitative analysis of components, chromatographic methods and hyphenated techniques.
7. Aspects related to variability in the chemical profile of essential oils – Genetic, environmental, nutritional factors, management and conservation. Biochemical and molecular aspects (transcriptional and post-translational control mechanisms, molecular targets and genetic improvement).
8. Biological activity of essential oils applied to agriculture – Toxicology, mechanisms of action, physiological effects on insects, fungi and bacteria.
PROGRAMATIC CONTENT (PRACTICAL):
10. Extraction of essential oils – Extraction by hydrodistillation.
11. Essential oil isolation – Partition, drying, concentration and storage.
12. Essential oil analysis by GC-DIC and GC-MS – Theory and practice
13. Chemical characterization of essential oils – Method applied to the identification of volatiles, Calculation of Kovats and Arithmetic indices.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. ADAMS, R.P. Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/mas spectroscopy. New York: Allured Publishing, 2007.
2. ADORJAN, B., & BUCHBAUER, G. (2010). Biological properties of essential oils: an updated review, (March), 407–426.
3. BAKKALI, F et al 2008. Biological effects of essential oils – A review. FoodChem. Toxicol. 46, 446–475.
4. BASER, K.H.C., BUCHBAUER, G., 2010. Handbook of essential oils: science, technology, and applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
5. BIZZO, H.R. et al. Essential oils in Brazil: general aspects, development and perspectives. Chem. New. 32, 588, 2009.
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12. KOUL, O. et al 2008. Essential oils as green pesticides: Potential and constraints. Biopestic. Int. 4, 63–84.
13. LANGE, B. M. et al 2013. Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Utility of Aromatic Plants for the Biotechnological Production of Sustainable Chemical and Pharmaceutical Feedstocks. Med. Aromat. Plants 2, 1–10.
14. OOTANI, M. A., AGUIAR, R. W., CARLOS, A., RAMOS, C., BRITO, R., BATISTA, J., & CAJAZEIRA, P. (2013). Use of Essential Oils in Agriculture. Journal of Biotechnology and Biodiversity, 4(May), 162–175.
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18. TIWARI, P., 2016. Recent advances and challenges in trichome research and essential oil biosynthesis in Mentha arvensis L. Ind. Crops Prod. 82, 141–148. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.11.069
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20. VIEGAS MC; BASSOLI DG, 2007. Use of the linear retention index to characterize volatile compounds in soluble coffee using GC-MS and HP-Innowax column. Quim. Nova 30, 2031–2034.
21. WILDUNG, M.R. and CROTEAU, R.B. Genetic engineering of peppermint for improved essential oil composition and yield. Transgenic Research, 14, 365, 2005.
